The Constitution of India is a democratic framework. It is required for maintaining justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Constitution declares India as Republic. After the independence of India, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution. Therefore, it came into effect on January 26th, 1950. Accordingly, the Constitution contains 395 articles divided into twenty-two parts. So, let’s take a look at the total articles in the Indian Constitution.

Part I- The Union and its Territories

Part 1 of the Indian constitution contains four articles. Besides it defines the configuration and basic structure of the country.

Article 1: Establishes the name and territory of the union. It defines the union of states to be named India (Bharat). Moreover, it states India is an agglomeration of:

1. The territory of all the Indian States
2. Union Territories
3. Any other territory secured by the Indian Government

Article 2: Empowers the Parliament to establish new states. Under favourable conditions, the parliament of India can admit new states into the union. Furthermore, it can also form new union territories. This addition is done by modifying the existing boundaries.

Article 3: This article provides certain authority to the Parliament. These are:

1. To increase or decrease the area of any state.
2. Modify boundaries of Indian States
3. Change the name of any state.

To make the above changes the parliament needs to consult the President of India coupled with affected states.

Article 4: Allows amendment in the First and Fourth Schedules.

Part II- Citizenship

Articles five to eleven are defined under Part 2 of the Constitution. These important articles are:

Article 5: This article announces citizenship. Anyone who was born or whose parents were born before the onset of the Indian constitution is regarded as a citizen of India.

Article 6: This article relates to citizenship subject to migration during partition. According to India Article 6 people who migrated to India before July 19th, 1948, are considered citizens of India. Those who migrated after July 19th, 1948, must satisfy certain conditions to be granted citizenship in India.

Article 7: This article addresses the citizenship status of migrants. According to Article 7 people who migrated to Pakistan but returned to India before March 1st, 1947, are regarded as Indian citizens.

Article 8: Notify guidelines for obtaining Indian citizenship. This article provides guidelines for individuals of Indian origin who reside outside of the country and wishes to obtain Indian citizenship.

Article 9: According to this article if an Indian citizen at their own will obtain citizenship of any sovereign nation or any other country, then they will be deprived of Indian citizenship.

Article 10: This article ensures that the above citizenship articles remain in effect.

Article 11: Empower Parliament to overlook citizenship. According to Article 10, the Parliament is authorized to regulate and form new rules for citizenship.

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Part III- Fundamental Rights

The fundamental rights of India are described under Part III of the Indian Constitution. It ensures six fundamental rights, which are:

1. Right to Equality, described in Articles 14 to 18.
2. Right to freedom, described in Articles 19 to 22.
3. Right against exploitation, described in Articles 23 to 24.
4. Right to freedom of religion, described in Articles 25 to 28.
5. Cultural and educational rights are described in Articles 29 to 30.
6. Right to constitutional remedies, described in Articles 32 to 35.

Article 12: Defines the term ‘state’. Here, the state comprises of:

• Government and Parliament of India
• State Government and Legislatures
• Local Authorities

Article 13: According to this article any law which violates fundamental rights is to be stated invalid.

Article 14: Right to equality before the law

Article 15: Forbids discrimination.

Article 16: Right to equal opportunity in hiring for public positions.

Article 17: Terminate untouchability.

Article 18: Prohibits the state from granting any titles. Terminate titles of nobility or such.

Article 19: Freedom of speech, expression, occupation, etc.

Article 20: Protection from punishment after guilty of crimes

Article 21: Guarantee the right to life to all its citizens. Provides personal liberty to human beings.

Article 22: Ensure the right to information and the right of an arrested person.

Article 23: Prohibits illegal practices like trafficking and forced labour. Moreover, Article 23 criminalizes them.

Article 24: Forbid employment of children below the age of fourteen. Prevent them from working in hazardous work like mines or factories.

Article 25: Freedom to practice any religion. Does not restrict the citizens to a particular religion. Thereby, ensuring free profession and beliefs.

Article 26: Liberty to manage religious affairs. For example, building religious institutions like churches, temples, mosques, etc.

Article 27: Prohibits tax payment to the state governments for religious practices like promotion.

Article 28: Prohibits the presence of religious instruction in educational institutions.

Article 29: Forbids discrimination and protects the minority. Proclaims that every citizen has a distinct language, caste, culture, etc. Likewise, any discrimination on this basis is morally corrupt.

Article 30: Right to establish educational institutions. This ensures that minorities have access to preserve and promote their culture, language, and religion.

Article 31 A: Protects laws that were passed to abolish estates or the rights of landlords.

Article 31 B: Verify certain acts in addition to regulations included in the ninth schedule.

Article 32: Right to constitutional remedies.

Article 33: Empower the Parliament of the country. The Parliament can restrict or modify fundamental rights. Consequently, this has to be done for people of armed, police, and paramilitary forces.

Article 34: Restricts the fundamental right during martial law.

Article 35: Provides legislative power to the Parliament of the country.

Constitution of India – Features, Amendments & Preamble (byjus.com)

Part IV- Directive Principles of the State Policy

Articles 36 to 51 are defined under part four of the Indian constitution. These directive principles constitute India. Furthermore, they are necessary for the welfare of the country.

Article 36: Contains the definition of the term ‘state’.

Article 37: States the application of directive principles. Firstly, directive principles are not applicable in any court. Secondly, they’re necessary for governing the country. Lastly, the government is expected to include them in various laws and policies.

Article 38: Promotes the state to administer social order.

Article 39: Provides principles for the government to follow. These include sufficient means of support, reduction in income inequality, etc.

Article 39 A: Right to justice and free legal aid without any discrimination.

Article 40: Arranging the village panchayats. Moreover, empowering them.

Article 41: Right to employment, education, and government aid.

Article 42: Provides considerate working conditions. For example, maternity leave.

Article 43: Promotes significance of living wage and possession of assets.

Article 44: Uniform civil code to annihilate discrimination.

Article 45: Provides free and compulsory education.

Article 46: Promotes economic and educational interests of weaker sections, scheduled tribes, and castes.

Article 47: Work to increase nutrition level coupled with the standard of living.

Article 48: Ensure the welfare of the farmers as well as animal protection. This is to be done by developing arranging agriculture and animal husbandry.

Article 48 A: Preserve environment. Improve conditions of rivers, lakes, forests, etc.

Article 49: Protect historical monuments of the country. Preserve the national heritage.

Article 50: To sustain justice, judiciary, and executive need to be separated.

Article 51: Promote international peace. Encourage security. Follow international agreements and solve disputes peacefully.

60 Must Know Important Articles in The Indian Constitution – Icy Tales

Part IV A- Fundamental Duties

This sub-part of the Indian constitution describes certain fundamental duties that all citizens are expected to fulfil. These eleven fundamental duties in Article 51 A are:

1. Uphold the constitution of India and follow its principles.
2. Follow the ideals that emerged during the freedom struggle of India.
3. Establish harmony and brotherhood.
4. Preserve the culture of the country.
5. Protect environment.
6. Practice rational thinking and promote a scientific approach.
7. Safeguard public property.
8. Active participation in democracy.
9. Safeguard the sovereignty, unity, and integrity.
10. Promote social ideas.
11. Facilitate the education of children.

Part V- The Union

This part of the Indian constitution consists of articles 52 to 151.

Chapter I- Executive

Article 52: Head of the country: The President

Article 53: State the executive power of the union (central government) vested to the President.

Article 54: Describes the process of electing the President.

Article 55: Details regarding the Presidential election.

Article 56: Specify a term of five years to hold office by President.

Article 57: Eligibility of the President Re-election. The criteria are to hold office for less than two terms.

Article 58: Qualifications to be eligible for election as President.

Article 59: Specifies conditions related to President’s office.

Article 60: Oath by the President. Therefore, establishing the president as head of the country.

Article 61: Impeachment procedure to remove the President from office.

Article 62: Vice President to temporarily assume the role of President during a vacancy.

Article 63: There should be a vice president of the country.

Article 64: Vice President to function as chairman of the upper house of the Parliament.

Article 65: Role of Vice President during the Absence of the President,

Article 66: Method of Electing Vice President of the Country.

Article 67: Specify a term of five years to hold office by Vice President.

Article 68: Election to fill the vacancy of Vice President.

Article 69: Oath by Vice President

Article 70: Empowers Parliament to make provisions.

Article 71: Concerned with election implications of Vice President and President.

Article 72: States power and functions of the President.

Article 73: Extent of executive power of the union.

Article 74: Establishes council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid the President.

Article 75: State provisions related to ministers.

Article 76: Introduces the role of the Attorney General for India.

Article 77: Conduct of Government’s Business

Article 78: State duties of the Prime Minister of the country.

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Chapter II- Parliament

Article 79: Introduces Parliament of the country. Moreover, this parliament consists of the President and the two houses.

Article 80: Composition of Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Article 81: Composition of Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Article 82: Readjustment to be done after completion of the census.

Article 83: Period of Council of States and Houses of the People.

Article 84: Eligibility to be a member of the Parliament.

Article 85: Proclaims session of the parliament, its propagation coupled with dissolution decisions to be taken by the President.

Article 86: States rights of the President. This includes addressing and sending messages to the lower and upper houses.

Article 87: Special address by the President after the first session of each year

Article 88: States right of minister as well as attorney general.

Article 89: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Upper House

Article 90: States procedure for the Deputy Chairman’s resignation, vacation, or removal.

Article 91: Deputy Chairman to act as Chairman during Vice President’s absence.

Article 92: While a resolution to remove the Chairman or Deputy Chairman from office is being considered, neither the Chairman nor the Deputy Chairman may preside.

Article 93: House of the People to choose members as speaker and deputy speaker.

Article 94: States the procedure for resignation, vacation, or removal of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Article 95: Deputy Speaker to act as Speaker during his absence.

Article 96: While a resolution to remove the Speaker or Deputy Speaker from office is being considered, neither the Speaker nor the Deputy Speaker may preside.

Article 97: Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman along with Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Article 98: Establishes a separate secretarial staff for both houses of the Parliament.

Article 99: Members to take oath or affirmation before the President of the country.

Article 100: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

Article 101: Introduces procedures related to the vacation of seats in the upper or lower house.

Article 102: Reasons for membership disqualification from House of the parliament.

Article 103: Decision on issues involving membership disqualifications.

Article 104: Penalty to be charged for sitting voting before taking the oath.

Article 105: the Proclaims powers, privileges, etc. of the House of Parliament and its members.

Article 106: Salaries and allowances of House of the Parliament members

Article 107: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.

Article 108: Reasons for a joint sitting of Both Houses

Article 109: Special procedure regarding the money bills.

Article 110: Defines the term ‘money bills’.

Article 111: This article implies that President provides assent to the bills.

Article 112: Representation of annual financial statement in both houses of the Parliament.

Article 113: Procedure for Estimates in the Parliament

Article 114: According to this article, an appropriation bill should be provided in Parliament.

Article 115: Regards supplementary, additional, or excess grants

Article 116: Lok Sabha has power regarding:

• Votes on account
• votes of credit
• exceptional grants

Article 117: Provides special provisions regarding financial bills.

Article 118: Each house of Parliament has rules of procedures.

Article 119: Regulation of financial transactions by Parliamentary procedure

Article 120: Use of Hindi or English language in Parliament

Article 121: Parliamentary discussion restrictions regarding the behaviour of any Supreme Court or High Court judge.

Article 122: Courts to not look into Parliamentary proceedings.

Chapter III- Legislative Powers of The President

Article 123: During a parliamentary break, the president has the authority to issue ordinances.

Chapter IV- The Union Judiciary

Article 124: Constitution and establishment of the Supreme Court consisting of the chief justice of India.

Article 125: The Parliament should decide salaries and such matters of Judges.

Article 126: Selection of an interim chief justice when the office is vacant.

Article 127: Regarding Appointment of ad hoc Judges

Article 128: Retiring Judges’ Attendance during Supreme Court Hearings.

Article 129: Supreme Court to act as a court of record.

Article 130: The seat of the Supreme Court is mainly to be in Delhi.

Article 131: Authentic jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in any dispute

Article 132: In some circumstances, the Supreme Court has appellate authority over appeals from the High Court.

Article 133: Civil appeals from High Courts are within the Supreme Court’s appellate authority.

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Article 134: Supreme Court has appellate authority over criminal cases.

Article 135: The Supreme Court shall be able to exercise the Federal Court’s authority and jurisdiction under current legislation.

Article 136: The Supreme Court was granted special permission to appeal any judgment, ruling, or decree.

Article 137: The Supreme Court will review decisions or directives made by Parliament.

Article 138: Expansion of the Supreme Court’s sphere of influence in the country.

Article 139: Granting the Supreme Court authority to issue specific writs.

Article 140: Supreme Court has ancillary powers.

Article 141: Law proclaimed by the Supreme Court to be binding on all courts within the domestic territory of the country.

Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.

Article 143: President may consult the Supreme Court regarding any issue related to law.

Article 144: Civil along with judicial authorities to act in support of the Supreme Court

Article 145: Describes rules of courts and such.

Article 146: Describes officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.

Article 147: Interpretation

Chapter V- Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Article 148: Regards Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

Article 149: States Comptroller and Auditor General’s responsibilities and authority

Article 150: Provides a form of an account of the Union as well as of the States.

Article 151: Audit Reports are to be submitted to the President.

Part VI- The States

This part of the Indian constitution consists of articles 152 to 237. These articles are divided into six chapters.

Chapter I- General

Article 152: Definition of the term ‘state’. Here, the state does not include Jammu and Kashmir.

Chapter II- The Executive

Article 153: Provides Governor for each state.

Article 154: Provides executive power of the state to the governor.

Article 155: The President appoints the Governor of the state.

Article 156: Proclaims the term of office of the governor.

Article 157: Eligibility for Appointment as Governor:

• citizen of India.
• above the age of thirty-five

Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s Office

Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor in the High Court’s Chief Justice presence.

Article 160: President may discharge the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.

Article 161: States powers of the governor

Article 162: State’s executive power’s scope

Article 163: Council of Ministers headed by the chief minister to support and advise the Governor.

Article 164: Other Provisions as to Ministers

Article 165: Appointment of Advocate-General for the State by the Governor

Article 166: Business operations of a state’s government

Article 167: Duties of chief ministers

Chapter III- The State Legislatures

Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in States comprising of the governor.

Article 169: Legislative Councils in States are abolished or established by Parliament.

Article 170: Composition of each state’s legislative assembly

Article 171: Composure of a State’s Legislative Council

Article 172: Duration of States Legislatures mainly for five years.

Article 173: Qualification for being a member of the State Legislature.

Article 174: Sessions, prorogations, and dissolution of the State Legislature will be held by the Governor.

Article 175: Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House of the Parliament

Article 176: The governor makes a memorable speech during the opening session every year.

Article 177: Rights of Ministers and the General Advocate about the Houses

Article 178: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

Article 179: Regards vacation, resignation, and removal from the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

Article 180: Role of deputy speaker or anyone of such to work as speaker during his absence.

Article 181: While a resolution to remove the Speaker from office is being considered, the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall not preside.

Article 182: Selection of The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.

Article 183: Regarding vacation, resignation, and removal from the offices of the chairman and deputy chairman.

Article 184: Role of Deputy Chairman of anyone of such to work as chairman during his absence.

Article 185: While a resolution to remove the Chairman from office is being considered, the chairman of the Deputy Chairman shall not preside.

Article 186: Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Article 187: Establishes separate secretarial staff for each state legislature.

Article 188: Oath or affirmation by members by members of Legislative assemblies or Council in the presence the of governor.

Article 189: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.

Article 190: Regarding vacation of seats in both houses of Legislature.

Article 191: Reasons for disqualification for membership of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State

Article 192: Decision on the question as to disqualifications of members

Article 193: Penalty for sitting and voting before making an oath or affirmation.

Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures as well as of the members and committees.

Article 195: Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State.

Article 196: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

Article 197: Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills

Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

Article 199: Definition of the term Money Bills

Article 200: Assent to Bills by the Governor

Article 201: Bills reserved by the governor for consideration of the President

Article 202: Annual financial statement

Article 203: Procedure in Legislature concerning the estimate.

Article 204: Appropriation Bills

Article 205: Supplementary, additional, or excess grants by the governor

Article 206: A state’s legislative assembly has authority over:

• Votes on account
• votes of credit
• exceptional grants

Article 207: Special Provisions as to Financial Bills

Article 208: Rules of procedure

Article 209: Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State about financial business

Article 210: Language to be used in the Legislature.

• The official language of the state
• Hindi
• English

Article 211: Limitations on the discussion of any judge’s code of behaviour in the legislature

Article 212: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.

Chapter IV- Legislative Powers of the Governor

Article 213: Governor’s authority to enact laws while the legislature is not in session.

Chapter V- The High Courts in The States

Article 214: High Courts for each state.

Article 215: High Courts to be record-keeping courts.

Article 216: High Court Constitution: The chief justice and other judges should be selected by the president.

Article 217: Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.

Article 218: Application of certain provisions relating to the Supreme Court to High Courts.

Article 219: Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts in the presence of the Governor.

Article 220: Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.

Article 221: Salaries, etc., of Judges, determined by the Parliament.

Article 222: Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another by the President after consulting the chief justice of India.

Article 223: Appointment of acting Chief Justice

Article 224: Appointment of additional and acting Judges by the President.

Article 225: Jurisdiction of Existing High Courts

Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.

Article 227: Power of Superintendence over all courts by the High Court

Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to the High Court.

Article 229: Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts

Article 230: Extension of Jurisdiction of High Courts to Union Territories

Article 231: Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States

Chapter VI- Subordinate Courts

Article 233: Appointment of district judge by the Governor of the state.

Article 234: Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service

Article 235: Control over subordinate courts

Article 236: Interpretation

Article 237: Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain classes or classes of magistrates

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Part VII- States in the B Part of the First Schedule Article

This part of the Indian constitution comprises only a single article.

Article 238: Repealed by the seventh amendment of the constitution.

Part VIII- Union Territories

This part of the Indian constitution consists of articles 239 to 242.

Article 239: Administration of Union territories by the President.

Article 240: Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories

Article 241: High Courts for Union Territories

Article 242: Repealed by the seventh amendment of the constitution.

Part IX- Panchayats

Article 243: Definitions of:

• District
• Gram Sabha
• Village
• Panchayat
• Panchayat Area
• Population

Article 243A: Gram Sabha.

Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats.

Article 243C: Composition of Panchayats.

Article 243D: Reservation of seats.

Article 243E: Duration of Panchayats, etc.

Article 243F: Disqualifications for membership.

Article 243G: Powers, authority, and Responsibilities of Panchayats.

Article 243H: Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.

Article 243I: Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.

Article 243J: Audit of accounts of Panchayats.

Article 243K: Elections to the Panchayats.

Article 243L: Application to Union territories.

Article 243M: Part not to apply to certain areas.

Article 243N: Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.

Article 243O: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part IX A- Municipalities

Article 243P: Definitions.

Article 243Q: Constitution of Municipalities.

Article 243R: Composition of Municipalities.

Article 243S: Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.

Article 243T: Reservation of seats.

Article 243U: Duration of Municipalities, etc.

Article 243V: Disqualifications for membership.

Article 243W: Powers, authority, and Responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

Article 243X: Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.

Article 243Y: Finance Commission.

Article 243Z: Audit of accounts of Municipalities.

Article 243ZA: Elections to the Municipalities.

Article 243ZB: Application to Union territories.

Article 243ZC: Part is not to apply to certain areas.

Article 243ZD: Committee for district planning.

Article 243ZE: Committee for Metropolitan Planning.

Article 243ZF: Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.

Article 243ZG: Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

Part IX B- Co-operative Societies

Article 243ZH: Definitions

Article 243ZI: Incorporation of co-operative societies

Article 243ZJ: Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers.

Article 243 ZK: Election of members of the board.

Article 243ZL: Supersession and suspension of the board and interim management.

Article 243ZM: Audit of accounts cooperativities societies.

Article 243ZN: Convening of general body meetings.

Article 243ZO: Right of a member to get information,

Article 243ZP: Returns.

Article 243ZQ: Offences and penalties.

Article 243ZR: Application to multi-state co-operative societies.

Article 243ZS: Application to Union Territories.

Article 243ZT: Continuance of existing laws.

Part X- Scheduled and Tribal Areas

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 244: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas

Article 244 A: Construction of a local legislature, the council of ministers, or both to create an autonomous state made up of some tribal districts in Assam.

Part XI- Relation between the Union and the States

Article 245: Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

Article 246: Subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

Article 247: Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts

Article 248: Residuary powers of legislation

Article 249: Power of Parliament to legislate concerning a matter in the State List in the National interest.

Article 250: Power of Parliament to legislate concerning any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.

Article 251: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the legislatures of States.

Article 252: Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.

Article 253: Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.

Article 254: Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.

Article 255: Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

Article 256: Obligation of States and the Union

Article 257: Control of the Union over States in certain cases

Article 258: Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.

Article 259: Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule.

Article 260: Jurisdiction of the Union about territories outside India.

Article 261: Public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.

Article 262: Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.

Article 263: Provisions concerning an inter-State Council.

Part XII- Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Chapter I- Finance

Article 264: Interpretation: Finance Commission

Article 265: Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.

Article 266: Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.

Article 267: Contingency Fund.

Article 268: Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.

Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.

Article 270: Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the States.

Article 271: Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.

Article 272: Grants instead of export duty on jute and jute products.

Article 273: Grants instead of export duty on jute and jute products.

Article 274: Bills impacting taxes that interest States must first receive the president’s recommendation.

Article 275: Grants from the Union to certain States

Article 276: Taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments

Article 277: Savings

Article 278: Repelled by 7th Amendment.

Article 279: Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.

Article 280: Finance Commission

Article 281: Recommendations of the Finance Commission

Article 282: Expenditure that the Union or a State may pay for with its funds.

Article 283: Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds, and money credited to the public accounts.

Article 284: Custody of suitors’ deposits and other money received by public servants and courts.

Article 285: Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.

Article 286: Restriction as to the imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.

Article 287: Exemption from taxes on electricity.

Article 288: Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.

Article 289: Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.

Article 290: Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.

Article 291: Repelled by 26th Amendment.

Chapter II- Borrowing

Article 292: Borrowing by the Government of India.

Article 293: Borrowing by States.

Chapter III- Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations, and Suits

Article 294: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities, and obligations in certain cases.

Article 295: Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities, and obligations in other cases.

Article 296: Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as Bona vacantia.

Article 297: Resources from the exclusive economic zone and items of value within the territorial waters or continental shelf to vest in the Union.

Article 298: Power to carry on trade, etc.

Article 299: Contracts

Article 300: Suits and proceedings

Chapter IV- Right to Property

Article 300 A: No one may be stripped of their property without a court order.

Part XIII- Trade and Commerce within the Country

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 301: Freedom of Trade, commerce, and Intercourse

Article 302: Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.

Article 303: Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States about trade and commerce.

Article 304: Restriction on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States.

Article 305: Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.

Article 306: Repelled by the 7th Amendment.

Article 307: Establishment of the responsible party to carry out the objectives of articles 301 to 304.

Part XIV- Services under the Union and States

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Chapter I- Services

Article 308: Interpretation of the term state.

Article 309: Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.

Article 310: Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.

Article 311: Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.

Article 312: All-India services.

Article 313: Transitional provisions.

Article 314: Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services.

Chapter II- Public Service Commission

Article 315: Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.

Article 316: Appointment and term of office of members.

Article 317: Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.

Article 318: Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.

Article 319: Prohibition regarding the exercise of office by former members of the Commission.

Article 320: Functions of Union and State Public Service Commissions.

Article 321: Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.

Article 322: Public Service Commissions’ expenditure.

Article 323: Reports of Public Service Commissions submitted annually to the President.

Part XIV A – Tribunals

Article 323 A: Administrative Tribunals

Article 323 B: Tribunals for other matters

Part XV – Elections – Articles 324 to 329A

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 324: The election commission should be given oversight, guidance, and control of elections.

Article 325: No person shall be excluded from or assert inclusion in a special electoral roll based on his or her religion, race, caste, or sex.

Article 326: Elections to the Lower House and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage.

Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with recognition of Legislatures.

Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision concerning elections to such Legislature.

Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

Article 330: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha.

Article 331: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.

Article 332: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

Article 333: Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

Article 334: Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after a certain period.

Article 335: Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to Services and Posts.

Article 336: Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.

Article 337: Special provision concerning educational grants for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian community.

Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes.

Article 339: Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the Welfare of Scheduled Tribes.

Article 340: Establishing a commission to look into the circumstances of the underprivileged.

Article 341: Scheduled Castes

Article 342: Scheduled Tribes

Part XVII – Languages

This part of the Indian constitution consists of Articles 343 to 351

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Chapter I- Union Languages

Article 343: Official language of the Union

Article 344: Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language

Chapter II- Regional Languages

Article 345: Official language or languages of a State

Article 346: Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.

Article 347: Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

Chapter III- Languages of Supreme Court, High Court, etc.

Article 348: Language to be used in the Supreme Court in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.

Article 349: Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

Chapter IV- Special Directive

Article 350: Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.

Article 351: Directive for development of the Hindi language.

Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency

Article 353: Effect of Proclamation of Emergency

Article 354: Application of provisions relating to the distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.

Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.

Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.

Article 357: Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation.

Article 358: Suspension of provisions of the article during emergencies.

Article 359: Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.

Article 360: Provisions as to financial emergency.

Part XIX – Miscellaneous

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 361: Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.

Article 362: Rights and Privileges of Rulers of Indian States.

Article 363: Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.

Article 364: Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.

Article 365: Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.

Article 366: Definitions of certain terms.

Article 367: Interpretation

Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 368: Parliament’s authority to modify the Constitution and the process for doing so.

Part XXI – Temporary, transitional, and Special Provisions

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 369: Temporary power to Parliament to make laws concerning certain matters in the State List as if they were in the Concurrent List.

Article 370: Temporary provisions concerning the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 371: Special provision concerning the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Article 372: Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.

Article 373: Power of the President to make orders of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.

Article 374: Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.

Article 375: Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.

Article 376: Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.

Article 377: Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

Article 378: Provisions as to Public Commissions

Article 379: Provisions as to provisional Parliament and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Article 380: Provision as to President

Article 381: Council of Ministers of the President

Article 382: Provisions as to provisional Legislatures for States in Part A of the First Schedule.

Article 383: Provision as to Governors of Provinces.

Article 384: Council of Ministers of the Governors

Article 385: Provision as to provisional Legislatures in States in Part B of the First Schedule.

Article 386: Council of Ministers for States in Part B of the First Schedule.

Article 387: Special provision as the determination of population for certain elections.

Article 388: Provisions as to the filling of casual vacancies in the provisional Parliament and provisional Legislatures of the States.

Article 389: Provision as to Bills pending in the Dominion Legislatures and the Legislatures of Provinces and Indian States.

Article 390: Money received or raised, or expenditure incurred between the commencement of the Constitution and the 31st day of March 1950.

Article 391: Repelled

Article 392: Power of the President to remove difficulties.

Part XXII – Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repels

This part of the Indian constitution consists of:

Article 393: Title: Constitution of India.

Article 394: Commencement

Article 395: Repeals.

Last Updated on February 6, 2024 by NamitaSoren